Why do automated browsers show navigation timing stubs?

Automated browsers often use scripts that patch or replace browser APIs to hide their automation, which can leave behind stubbed or incomplete navigation timing data. BotRefund detects these stubs as a sign that the browser may not be a real user. However, a single stub is not enough to label a visit as a bot; BotRefund uses it as one of many checks. The AI then weighs the full pattern of behavior.